Head and neck cancers (HNC) affect more than a million patients each year, making them one of the world’s most common cancers. In Singapore, the annual number of cases of HNCs reported is around 800.
HNCs are considered to be some of the most challenging cancers to treat because of the sensitive anatomies in these areas of the body where the cancerous cells typically develop. And while head and neck cancers can be challenging to treat, early detection plays a crucial role in successful treatment.
In this article, we will explore commonly observed head and neck cancers and their symptoms. We will also include information regarding the causes and possible treatment options for people with HNCs, as well as pertinent historical details and statistics about HNCs that may be of interest to those wanting to learn more about these common cancers.
What Are Head and Neck Cancers?
Head and neck cancers encompass cancers that start from the clavicle and up. HNCs include diseases found in the throat, mouth, nose, and salivary glands. The exception are cancers that develop in the brain, which are considered a different class of cancers entirely.
1) Oral Cancer
Oral cancer, which affects the lips, tongue, gums, and inner lining of the mouth, has afflicted humanity for centuries. Oral cancer is one of those diseases wherein lifestyle plays a major role. The causes and risk factors for this disease include tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption, which busy workers may turn to in order to de-stress and relax. In addition, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can be a contributing factor to this type of cancer as well, aside from it being a well-known sexually transmitted disease. That’s why getting the HPV vaccine early is crucial to preventing cancers associated with it. Aside from all of these factors, having a family history of the disease may also contribute to someone’s risk factor.
Treatment options, driven by advancements in head and neck surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, have improved survival rates significantly.
Symptoms of oral cancer may include:
- Persistent mouth sores or ulcers that don’t heal
- Red or white patches in the mouth
- Difficulty in swallowing or chewing
- Persistent sore throat or hoarseness
- Swelling or lumps in the mouth or neck area
2) Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Nasopharyngeal cancer, a disease that is prevalent in Southeast Asia, exhibits a remarkable historical and geographical connection. It has long intrigued scientists due to its high incidence among Chinese populations.
As it stands, genetic predisposition due to family history of the disease, as well as infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are among the key risk factors. Fortunately, Singapore has witnessed a decline in cases of this type of cancer in recent years, a trend that is attributed to improved public health measures.
Treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer comprises radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, all of which demonstrate encouraging outcomes.
Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer may include:
- Persistent nasal congestion or stuffiness
- Frequent nosebleeds
- Hearing loss or ringing in the ears
- Difficulty breathing or speaking
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
3) Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer is a disease that affects the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck. Its risk factors include radiation exposure, having a diet that is low in iodine, obesity, and genetic predisposition. It’s also worth noting that women are more prone to having this type of cancer due to the major role that hormones play in this disease.
Treatment options for thyroid cancer include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, and targeted drug therapy. Thyroidectomies, pioneered in the early 20th century, revolutionised the treatment of thyroid cancers, resulting in better patient outcomes through the years.
Symptoms of thyroid cancer may include:
- Lump or swelling in the neck, often painless
- Hoarseness or voice changes
- Difficulty swallowing or breathing
- Neck or throat pain that persists
4) Laryngeal Cancer
Laryngeal cancer, which is linked to smoking and alcohol consumption, has a compelling historical connection to voice preservation. After all prominent performers, such as renowned singers, have battled this disease in recent years.
Treatment options for this cancer involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The development of voice rehabilitation techniques has also empowered patients to regain their voice quality post-treatment.
Symptoms of laryngeal cancer may include:
- Persistent hoarseness or voice changes
- Pain or discomfort in the throat
- Difficulty swallowing or breathing
- Lump or swelling in the neck
5) Salivary Gland Cancer
As the name suggests, salivary gland cancer is a disease in which cancerous cells form in the tissues of the salivary gland. While the exact causes of the condition remain unclear, risk factors may include radiation exposure, exposure to other hazardous substances in the workplace (e.g. asbestos), and older age.
Doctors will usually recommend surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy to treat this disease.
Symptoms of salivary gland cancer may include:
- Swelling or a lump in the face, mouth, or neck
- Numbness or weakness in the face
- Persistent pain in the area of the salivary glands
- Difficulty opening the mouth widely
Importance of Early Detection
Early detection plays a crucial role in improving head and neck cancer outcomes. Regular self-examination and awareness of symptoms are importantl. In Singapore, initiatives such as public health campaigns and screening programmes have contributed to increased awareness and early detection rates, leading to better prognoses.
Reducing the Risk
Spreading the correct information and sharing awareness can empower everyone to reduce their chances of developing head and neck cancers. Understandably, risk factors like age and genetics can’t be changed. However, taking care of your health will surely lower your risk of developing these diseases. You, can for example:
- Avoid tobacco use and alcohol abuse
- Practice safe sun exposure to protect the lips
- Maintain good oral hygiene
- Vaccinate against human papillomavirus (HPV)
Final Thoughts
Head and neck cancers can affect various regions of the head and neck, but early detection remains the key to the successful treatment of these diseases. Recognising the symptoms and prioritising regular check-ups can increase the chance of detecting these cancers at an early stage when there are more options for treatment available.
Singapore’s efforts in public health and advancements in cancer care contribute to improved patient outcomes where these diseases are concerned. For your part, observing a healthy lifestyle and being proactive about your health can go a long way in our collective battle against head and neck cancers.
